Branqueamento

Meaning - "Whitening" (Refers to both the aspiration and possibility of transforming one's social, political, and economic status)

• Government program from 1884-1939 with about 4 million Europeans and 185,000 Japanese were immigrated as indentured servants.

Manuel Querino - A pioneering intellectual, who had taken a bold, brave stand against the government's racist ideologies. You might think of him as a Brazilian mixture of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. He thought there was no need for the white immigrants, as Brazil had already been civilized by the Africans.

Gilberto Freyre - He is celebrated for recognizing the value and significance of Africans within Brazilian culture. He was a white man who was born into a middle-class family in 1900. His father was a public employee, and his mother's family owned a sugar plantation. Plantation life inspired his most celebrated work: Casa Grande e Senzala, "The Big House and the Slave Quarters."